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Related Concept Videos

The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...
The Scientific Method02:40

The Scientific Method

Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
The Scientific Method03:50

The Scientific Method

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To achieve this, scientists follow a definitive series of steps that together make up the Scientific Method. This approach involves making observations, asking questions, building a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and forming a conclusion.
Entropy01:18

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break down the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

IBM, Elsevier Science, and academic freedom.

John C Bailar, Andre Cicolella, Robert Harrison

    International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
    |October 6, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Industry funding influences occupational and environmental health (OEH) research, leading to censorship and biased publications. This lack of scientific independence hinders OEH progress and worker protection.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
    05:02

    Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

    Published on: October 24, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Occupational and Environmental Health
    • Medical Ethics
    • Scientific Publishing

    Background:

    • Industry significantly funds occupational and environmental health (OEH) research.
    • This funding creates a potential conflict of interest, impacting research integrity.
    • The absence of a level playing field hinders OEH scientific advancement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the influence of industry funding on the publication of OEH research.
    • To highlight instances of research censorship and modification due to corporate interests.
    • To underscore the need for greater independence in OEH research.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of publication practices in OEH journals.
    • Case study illustrating industry's role in suppressing research findings (e.g., Elsevier's refusal to publish IBM worker study).
    • Review of industry's influence on research agendas and outcomes.

    Main Results:

    • Industry sponsorship can lead to the censorship or alteration of OEH studies.
    • OEH journals may reflect industry agendas, affecting the scientific record.
    • A specific case demonstrates industry's attempt to suppress research findings.

    Conclusions:

    • Industry influence poses a significant threat to the objectivity and dissemination of OEH research.
    • Fundamental changes are needed to ensure scientific integrity in OEH.
    • Lack of support from government, industry, and professional bodies perpetuates these issues.