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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
Published on: November 11, 2016
Ordered phosphorylation governs oscillation of a three-protein circadian clock
Michael J Rust1, Joseph S Markson, William S Lane
1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Abstract:
The simple circadian oscillator found in cyanobacteria can be reconstituted in vitro using three proteins-KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. The total phosphorylation level of KaiC oscillates with a circadian period, but the mechanism underlying its sustained oscillation remains unclear. We have shown that four forms of KaiC differing in their phosphorylation state appear in an ordered pattern arising from the intrinsic autokinase and autophosphatase rates of KaiC and their modulation by KaiA. Kinetic and biochemical data indicate that one of these phosphoforms inhibits the activity of KaiA through interaction with KaiB, providing the crucial feedback that sustains oscillation. A mathematical model constrained by experimental data quantitatively reproduces the circadian period and the distinctive dynamics of the four phosphoforms.
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