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Who is Who? Non-invasive Methods to Individually Sex and Mark Altricial Chicks

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Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships.

Ulfur Arnason¹, Anette Gullberg, Axel Janke

¹Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Division of Evolutionary Molecular Systematics, University of Lund, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden. ulfur.arnason@cob.lu.se

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

|October 9, 2007

Summary

This study clarifies the evolutionary tree of dog-like carnivorans (Caniformia) using mitochondrial genomes. Findings reveal the dog-wolf divergence is comparable to early human evolution, suggesting a closer relationship than commonly believed.

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Area of Science:

* Molecular Biology
* Evolutionary Biology
* Genomics

Background:

* The order Carnivora is divided into Caniformia (dog-like) and Feliformia (cat-like) suborders.
* Understanding phylogenetic relationships within Caniformia is crucial for evolutionary studies.
* Previous studies have lacked comprehensive mitogenomic data for non-pinniped caniforms.

Purpose of the Study:

* To reconstruct the phylogenetic tree of Caniformia using complete mitochondrial genomes.
* To investigate the evolutionary relationships among major caniform families.
* To compare the mitogenomic divergence between wolves and dogs with human evolutionary milestones.

Main Methods:

* Analysis of complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes from various caniform species.
* Incorporation of seven new mt genomes from non-pinniped caniforms.
* Application of diverse phylogenetic methodologies.

Main Results:

* Established a basal divergence within Caniformia between Cynoidea and Arctoidea.
* Resolved arctoid relationships, placing Ursidae, Pinnipedia, and Musteloidea as primary groups.
* Identified a sister relationship between Mephitidae and a Procyonidae-Mustelidae clade within Musteloidea.
* Demonstrated that the mitogenomic distance between wolves and dogs is similar to basal human divergences.

Conclusions:

* The study provides a robust phylogenetic framework for Caniformia based on mitogenomic data.
* The findings suggest a closer evolutionary relationship between wolves and dogs than typically recognized.
* The timing of dog domestication is placed in context with early human evolution.