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A Concoction Pipeline for Generating Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Among Riparian and Aquatic Beetles

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Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: a molecular perspective.

John Klicka¹, Kevin Burns, Garth M Spellman

¹Barrick Museum of Natural History, Box 454012, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4012, USA. klicka@unlv.nevada.edu

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

|October 9, 2007

Summary

This study redefines the Cardinalini tribe (cardinal-grosbeaks) using molecular data, expanding its membership to include tanagers and wood-warblers. The research reveals a complex evolutionary history and five distinct clades within the redefined group.

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Area of Science:

Ornithology
Evolutionary Biology
Molecular Phylogenetics

Background:

Traditional classification of New World nine-primaried oscine birds relied on feeding morphology, often leading to conflicting assignments within the Cardinalini tribe (cardinal-grosbeaks).
Previous molecular studies on Cardinalini monophyly were limited by insufficient species sampling.

Purpose of the Study:

To address the monophyly of the Cardinalini tribe using comprehensive molecular data.
To reconstruct the most complete phylogeny of the Cardinalini tribe to date.
To redefine the taxonomic boundaries of the Cardinalini based on genetic evidence.

Main Methods:

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from all genera and 34 of 42 Cardinalini species.
Phylogenetic reconstruction using molecular data to infer evolutionary relationships.

Main Results:

Strong support for a redefined Cardinalini tribe, incorporating genera from Thraupini (tanagers) and Parulini (wood-warblers).
Identification of genera traditionally placed in Cardinalini that show affinities with other groups.
The redefined Cardinalini comprises 48 species and is more closely related to Thraupini than to Emberizini, Parulini, or Icterini.
Discovery of five well-supported major clades within the redefined Cardinalini: "masked," "blue," Habia/Chlorothraupis, Granatellus, and Pheucticus.
Rapid diversification of these clades occurred in the mid-Pliocene, with complex biogeographic histories inferred for North and South American species.

Conclusions:

The molecular data necessitate a redefinition of the Cardinalini tribe, challenging previous classifications based on morphology.
The Cardinalini, redefined, form a monophyletic group closely allied with tanagers (Thraupini).
The study provides a robust phylogenetic framework for understanding the evolutionary history and diversification of this group of birds.