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Related Concept Videos

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
07:12

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Published on: September 28, 2017

Multiple vertebral osteonecrosis.

Rose-Marie Javier1, Thomas Moser, Jean-Louis Dietemann

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 67000 Strasbourg, France. rose-marie.javier@chru-strasbourg.fr

Joint Bone Spine
|October 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Vertebral osteonecrosis, a condition affecting the spine, can present with a double-line sign on MRIs, even without vertebral collapse. This finding challenges previous understandings of vertebral clefts and osteonecrosis.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
07:12

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Published on: September 28, 2017

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
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Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Vertebral osteonecrosis is often associated with intravertebral vacuum clefts, typically seen in older patients with severe fractures and instability.
  • These clefts were historically considered pathognomonic for vertebral osteonecrosis but are now viewed as indicators of fracture non-union.

Observation:

  • The double-line sign, classically associated with long bone osteonecrosis, has rarely been reported in the spine.
  • This case presents a histologically confirmed multilevel vertebral osteonecrosis exhibiting a double-line sign.

Findings:

  • The vertebral osteonecrosis manifested as a double-line sign.
  • This occurred in the absence of vertebral collapse and was unrelated to radiotherapy.

Implications:

  • The double-line sign may be a more versatile imaging biomarker for vertebral osteonecrosis than previously thought.
  • This finding expands the differential diagnosis for the double-line sign in spinal imaging.