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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
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Published on: February 8, 2020

Time-dependent changes in cortical excitability after prolonged visual deprivation.

Naomi B Pitskel1, Lotfi B Merabet, Ciro Ramos-Estebanez

  • 1Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Neuroreport
|October 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Prolonged visual deprivation initially decreases then increases visual cortex excitability. Phosphene threshold measurements reveal these changes, which quickly reverse upon light re-exposure.

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Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Neuroscience
  • Sensory Physiology

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the occipital cortex elicits phosphenes.
  • Phosphene threshold (PT) serves as a reliable measure of visual cortex excitability.
  • Understanding visual cortex plasticity is crucial for visual neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of prolonged visual deprivation on visual cortical excitability.
  • To determine how extended periods without light influence the brain's visual processing centers.
  • To characterize the time course of changes in excitability during and after sensory deprivation.

Main Methods:

  • Participants were blindfolded for five consecutive days.
  • Phosphene threshold was measured using TMS applied to the occipital cortex.
  • Measurements were taken throughout the blindfolding period and after light re-exposure.

Main Results:

  • An acute decrease in phosphene threshold was observed after 48 hours of blindfolding.
  • A significant increase in phosphene threshold was noted by day 5 of visual deprivation.
  • Phosphene threshold returned to baseline levels within 2 hours of resuming light exposure.

Conclusions:

  • Light deprivation induces a transient increase in visual cortex excitability, followed by a sustained decrease.
  • Visual cortical excitability demonstrates plasticity in response to prolonged sensory input changes.
  • The visual system rapidly adapts to and recovers from extended periods of light deprivation.