Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters01:16

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters

The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluation of the ESMO-Magnitude of Clinical Benefit Scale version 1.1 (ESMO-MCBS v1.1) for adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer.

ESMO open·2023
Same author

Decisive points for pregnancy losses in beef cattle.

Reproduction, fertility, and development·2023
Same author

An assessment of the current status of children's toothpaste in Australia.

Australian dental journal·2021
Same author

Initial Impact and Operational Response of Radiation Oncology Practices to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, Europe, and Latin America.

International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics·2021
Same author

Baseline factors predicting a response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with implications for non-surgical management of triple-negative breast cancer.

The British journal of surgery·2018
Same author

Impact of urologists' ownership of radiation equipment in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases·2017

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

Functional characterization of CYP2A13 polymorphisms.

K E Schlicht1, N Michno, B D Smith

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, & Biophysics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. murph062@umn.edu

Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems
|October 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study examined how genetic variations in CYP2A13 affect its ability to metabolize carcinogens NNK and NNN. Polymorphisms showed modest changes in activity, likely not impacting in vivo metabolism but aiding future research.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacogenetics
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • CYP2A13 is a key enzyme in metabolizing tobacco-specific carcinogens like NNK and NNN.
  • Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2A13 can alter its catalytic activity and influence individual susceptibility to carcinogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional impact of CYP2A13 genetic variants on carcinogen metabolism.
  • To evaluate the effects of specific CYP2A13 polymorphisms on coumarin 7-hydroxylation and the hydroxylation of NNK and NNN.

Main Methods:

  • Expression and purification of five CYP2A13 variants (CYP2A13*2, *5, *6, *8, *9) and one deletion variant (CYP2A13*3).
  • Assays for coumarin binding affinity and coumarin 7-hydroxylation.
  • Measurement of (S)-NNN and NNK hydroxylation activities for the expressed CYP2A13 variants.

Main Results:

  • Two variants (R257C and D158E) showed a 30-42% decrease in coumarin 7-hydroxylation catalytic efficiency.
  • No significant effects were observed on coumarin binding or (S)-NNN metabolism.
  • Three variants (R257C, D158E, V323L) exhibited a two- to threefold reduction in NNK hydroxylation catalytic efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • CYP2A13 polymorphisms lead to modest alterations in coumarin 7-hydroxylation and NNK hydroxylation in vitro.
  • These observed in vitro changes are unlikely to significantly affect in vivo metabolism.
  • The findings provide valuable data for interpreting epidemiological studies and designing future research on CYP2A13 and cancer risk.