Iron, copper and immunocompetence.

Area of Science:

• * Nutritional immunology and human health.
• * Cellular and molecular functions of trace elements.

Background:

• * Microminerals, including copper and iron, are crucial for immune system development, activation, and function.
• * Advances in analytical cell biology and molecular genetics aid in understanding trace element roles.
• * Nutritional status significantly impacts host defense mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• * To critically analyze recent findings on copper and iron nutrition's impact on immune functions.
• * To review the effects of trace element supplementation on infectious diseases.
• * To highlight the need for further in vivo research on iron's complex role.

Main Methods:

• * Critical analysis of selected recent scientific reports.
• * Review of studies on trace element supplementation and infectious morbidity.
• * Examination of in vitro data regarding iron's effects on immune systems.

Main Results:

• * Micromineral deficiencies broadly impair immune response but are reversible with supplementation.
• * Iron's effects in vitro are conflicting, necessitating in vivo investigation.
• * Micronutrient supplementation may enhance immune function and reduce infection severity, especially in the elderly.

Conclusions:

• * Microminerals are essential for maintaining the balance between immunity and health.
• * Supplementation can restore immune function compromised by deficiency.
• * Further in vivo research is required to clarify iron's role in host defense.