Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

The Mammary Glands

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

No Regression With Imatinib Treatment for Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia Associated With McCune-Albright Syndrome.

Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology·2025

Same author

Concerns for mood disorders in children presenting with early menarche is not an indication for pubertal suppression.

Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM·2025

Same author

Mapping variants in thyroid hormone transporter MCT8 to disease severity by genomic, phenotypic, functional, structural and deep learning integration.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

Is oxytocin related to psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with obesity?

Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM·2025

Same author

Severe Lipoatrophy in a Growth Hormone Deficient Toddler Girl Treated with a Non-Pegylated Long-Acting Growth Hormone.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Same author

Thematic Review of Endocrine Disruptors and Their Role in Shaping Pubertal Timing.

Children (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Gynecomastia: review.

Ayhan Abaci¹, Atilla Buyukgebiz

¹Department of Pediatic Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey.

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews : PER

|October 11, 2007

Summary

Gynecomastia, a benign enlargement of male breast tissue, often lacks a clear cause, particularly in adolescents. Management options include observation, medication, or surgery, with surgical intervention recommended for persistent or severe cases.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Male Reproductive Health

Background:

Gynecomastia is the benign proliferation of male glandular breast tissue.
It can present as a painful mass and is common in adolescents, often with unknown etiology.
An estrogen-to-androgen imbalance is a suspected cause.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of gynecomastia.
To discuss diagnostic considerations and management strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical presentation and common causes of gynecomastia.
Discussion of endocrine investigations and their necessity.
Outline of management options: observation, drug therapy, and surgery.

Main Results:

More Related Videos

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Published on: October 16, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Published on: October 16, 2010

Most gynecomastia cases are idiopathic, especially in adolescents.

Endocrine testing is not always required.

Management decisions depend on symptom severity, duration, and psychosocial impact.

Conclusions:

Gynecomastia management is individualized, ranging from watchful waiting to surgical intervention.
Surgical removal is reserved for specific indications including treatment failure, persistent symptoms, or significant psychosocial distress.