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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

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Anesthesia in Caspian ponies.

Mohammad Reza Seddighi¹, Mehrdad Mohri

¹Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashad, Mashad, Iran. mrsed@utk.edu

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

|October 12, 2007

Summary

This study evaluated diazepam-acepromazine, thiopental, and halothane anesthesia in Caspian ponies. The protocol resulted in acceptable anesthesia and recovery, with predictable clinical and laboratory changes observed post-procedure.

Area of Science:

Veterinary Anesthesiology
Equine Medicine

Background:

Caspian ponies require specific anesthetic protocols.
Evaluating anesthetic safety and efficacy is crucial for equine welfare.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess clinical and laboratory parameters in Caspian ponies under a specific anesthetic regimen.
To determine the safety and efficacy of diazepam-acepromazine, thiopental, and halothane anesthesia in this equine breed.

Main Methods:

A prospective experimental trial was conducted on six healthy Caspian ponies.
Anesthesia involved pre-medication with diazepam and acepromazine, followed by thiopental induction and halothane maintenance.
Monitoring included vital signs, anesthetic depth, hematology, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis.

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Main Results:

Anesthesia induced sedation, increased heart rate, mild hypotension, and decreased respiratory rate with acidosis.
Cardiac arrhythmias (sinus arrhythmia, AV block) were noted in most ponies.
Post-anesthesia, elevated blood urea nitrogen, glucose, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase were observed.

Conclusions:

The diazepam-acepromazine, thiopental, and halothane anesthetic protocol is suitable for Caspian ponies.
This protocol provides acceptable anesthesia and recovery, with predictable physiological and biochemical alterations.