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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy for Extracellular Vesicle Analysis
Published on: September 16, 2022
Aggregates of two-dimensional vesicles: rouleaux, sheets, and convergent extension
1Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Abstract:
Using both numerical and variational minimization of the bending and adhesion energy of two-dimensional lipid vesicles, we study their aggregation, and we find that the stable aggregates include an infinite number of vesicles and that they arrange either in a columnar or in a sheetlike structure. We calculate the stability diagram and we show that the sheetlike aggregate can be transformed into the columnar aggregate via vesicle intercalation, which makes the transformation reminiscent of the process of convergent extension observed in some biological tissues.
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