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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking
07:00

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Using the affective priming paradigm to explore the attitudes underlying walking behaviour.

Frank F Eves1, Emma J Scott, Roberta Hoppé

  • 1School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. f.f.eves@bham.ac.uk

British Journal of Health Psychology
|October 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Implicit attitudes toward walking are complex and not directly predicted by behavior. While linked to overall exercise, specific walking behaviors showed no clear link to implicit attitudes in this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Exercise Science

Background:

  • Walking behavior is difficult to measure and predict due to poor memory representation.
  • Self-report measures of walking are unreliable.
  • Implicit attitudes may offer a more objective measure of physical activity propensity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess implicit attitudes towards walking using the affective priming paradigm.
  • To investigate the relationship between implicit attitudes and actual walking behavior.
  • To explore the link between implicit attitudes and mood/general valence.

Main Methods:

  • 188 Royal Air Force trainee aircraftsmen participated.
  • Pedometers were worn for one week to measure physical activity.
  • An affective priming paradigm (response latency task) assessed implicit attitudes towards physical activity words.

Main Results:

  • Implicit attitudes related to mood (happy-sad) correlated with physical activity levels.
  • Participants showed priming for negative valence in the good-bad dichotomy.
  • No differentiation in walking/running attitudes based on participation level was found.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit attitudes are complex and their relationship with behavior is not straightforward.
  • While implicit attitudes related to overall exercise, they did not specifically predict walking behavior.
  • Automatic control of walking behavior may not be fully captured by implicit attitude measures.