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Solubility

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Porosity in Cement Paste

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...

Solution Formation

Solution Formation

There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective solubility...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Roughness Impact of Piezoelectric Dental Scaler on Two Distinct Flowable Composite Filling Materials

Roughness Impact of Piezoelectric Dental Scaler on Two Distinct Flowable Composite Filling Materials

Published on: January 10, 2025

Solubility of root-end-filling materials: a comparative study.

Claudio Poggio¹, Marco Lombardini, Conti Alessandro

¹Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Pavia, Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 3, 27100 Pavia, Italy. c.poggio@unipv.it

Journal of Endodontics

|October 13, 2007

Summary

Three root-end filling materials (IRM, Pro Root, and Superseal) demonstrated minimal solubility in water. These materials exhibit adequate physical properties for effective use in endodontic procedures.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Roughness Impact of Piezoelectric Dental Scaler on Two Distinct Flowable Composite Filling Materials

Roughness Impact of Piezoelectric Dental Scaler on Two Distinct Flowable Composite Filling Materials

Published on: January 10, 2025

Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Endodontic Research
Biomaterials

Background:

Root-end filling materials are crucial for the success of endodontic surgery.
Assessing the solubility of these materials is essential for predicting their long-term stability and biocompatibility in the oral environment.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate and compare the solubility of three commonly used root-end filling materials: IRM, Pro Root, and Superseal.
To determine if these materials meet the solubility standards required for endodontic applications.

Main Methods:

Solubility testing was conducted on six specimens of each material (IRM, Pro Root, Superseal, and Argoseal as positive control).
Testing followed International Standards Organization 6876 and American Dental Association specification #30.
Specimens were immersed in water, with solubility measured after 24 hours and 2 months.

Main Results:

All tested root-end filling materials exhibited low solubility.
IRM, Pro Root, and Superseal were found to be virtually insoluble under the study conditions.
Argoseal, used as a positive control, also showed low solubility.

Conclusions:

IRM, Pro Root, and Superseal possess adequate physical properties, specifically low solubility, for use as root-end filling materials.
The minimal solubility observed suggests good stability and longevity of these materials in endodontic applications.
The findings support the clinical suitability of these materials for retrograde filling procedures.