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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Polar Curves01:19

Polar Curves

The spirograph is a versatile tool for visualizing the relationship between geometry and mathematical representation. In particular, it demonstrates how polar coordinates offer an alternative framework for describing curves in comparison to Cartesian coordinates. Instead of specifying a point by its horizontal and vertical displacements (x, y), polar coordinates use a radius r, the distance from the origin, and an angle θ, measured counterclockwise from the polar axis. This system is...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Polar lightning and decadal-scale cloud variability on Jupiter.

Kevin H Baines1, Amy A Simon-Miller, Glenn S Orton

  • 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena CA 91109, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polar lightning, previously only observed on Earth, has now been detected on Jupiter by the New Horizons spacecraft. This discovery suggests internal heat drives convection, impacting Jupiter's atmospheric dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Plasma Physics

Background:

  • Lightning phenomena are crucial for understanding planetary atmospheres.
  • While lightning has been observed on Jupiter, polar lightning was exclusively known on Earth.
  • Previous observations of Jupiter's lightning were limited in scope and latitude.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and characteristics of lightning at high latitudes on Jupiter.
  • To compare Jovian polar lightning with terrestrial lightning and lightning at other latitudes on Jupiter.
  • To assess changes in Jupiter's cloud cover and atmospheric dynamics over time.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized optical observations from the New Horizons spacecraft.
  • Analyzed lightning rates, optical powers, and optical flux at Jovian high latitudes.
  • Employed near-infrared and ground-based 5-micrometer thermal imagery.
  • Compared current observations with data from the 2000 Cassini flyby.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the existence of lightning at high latitudes (up to 80°N and 74°S) on Jupiter.
  • Found similar lightning rates and optical powers at both Jovian poles.
  • Observed that mean optical flux at the poles is comparable to nonpolar regions.
  • Detected significant thinning of cloud cover since the Cassini flyby, especially near the Great Red Spot and equatorial regions.

Conclusions:

  • Polar lightning is not unique to Earth, extending our understanding of electrical phenomena in the solar system.
  • Internal heat is likely the primary driver of convection in Jupiter's atmosphere.
  • Jupiter's atmospheric dynamics, particularly vertical processes, are variable on seasonal timescales at mid- and low latitudes.