Wavefront sensor architectures fully embedded in an image sensor

Several architectures of wavefront sensors have been developed since the rise of adaptive optics. In all cases, optical elements are placed in front of image sensors. This makes the sensor quite bulky, expensive, and sensitive to optical misalignment. I propose two novel architectures fully embedded in the image sensor that require no additional optical element. The sensor can be placed directly in the beam to analyze, leading to small, easy to use, and cost-efficient systems. The two architectures are described before testing by simulation of their ability to sense the wavefront distortion and their sensitivity to signal-to-noise ratio.