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Related Concept Videos

Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Protein Transport to the Stroma

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging
06:11

Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

Published on: September 22, 2023

Nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial transcript abundance along a maize leaf developmental gradient.

A Bruce Cahoon1, Elizabeth M Takacs, Richard M Sharpe

  • 1Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, PO Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA. acahoon@mtsu.edu

Plant Molecular Biology
|October 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study tracked nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial gene expression in maize leaves using a novel microarray. Photosynthesis genes were higher in leaf tips, while energy genes were higher in leaf bases, revealing distinct organelle gene expression patterns.

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Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
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Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

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Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging
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Published on: September 22, 2023

Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy

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Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development
10:08

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Published on: March 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Maize chloroplasts contain 104 genes crucial for photosynthesis and gene expression.
  • Nuclear gene products (2,000-3,000) are essential for plastid function, gene expression regulation, physiology, and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transcript abundance of nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes in developing maize leaves.
  • To compare gene expression patterns between mature chloroplasts (leaf tip) and etioplasts (leaf base).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a "three-genome" maize biogenesis cDNA microarray to quantify transcript levels.
  • Analyzed transcript abundance ratios between the green leaf tip and yellow leaf base.
  • Validated microarray data using RNA gel blot analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR.

Main Results:

  • Detected and quantified 433 nuclear, 62 chloroplast, and 27 mitochondrial transcripts.
  • Identified at least 51 plastid and 121 nuclear genes with higher expression in the leaf tip.
  • Observed higher expression of mitochondrial (25) and nuclear (177) transcripts in the leaf base.
  • Photosynthesis-related RNAs were abundant in the tip, while energy utilization genes were higher in the base.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrated distinct spatial expression patterns for nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial transcripts within maize leaves.
  • Highlighted the differential regulation of organelle gene expression during maize leaf development.
  • Confirmed the utility of the "three-genome" microarray for studying plant organelle biogenesis and function.