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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
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In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Interplay between pathogenic Th17 and regulatory T cells.

Mohamed Oukka1

  • 1Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. moukka@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
|November 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T cells (Treg) dynamics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) show Treg persistence during remission, contrasting with effector T cells. This highlights Treg

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases result from a loss of self-tolerance, involving pathogenic T cells.
  • Regulatory T cells (Treg) are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance via effector T cell inhibition.
  • Understanding Treg dynamics in autoimmune conditions is vital for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo dynamics of autoantigen-specific Treg and Th17 cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
  • To elucidate the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Treg and Th17 cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Foxp3gfp "knock-in" mice to track Treg populations.
  • Employed myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)(35-55)/IA(b) (MHC class II)-tetramers to identify autoantigen-specific Treg.
  • Monitored Treg and T-effector cell infiltration and dynamics in the central nervous system (CNS) during EAE.

Main Results:

  • Autoantigen-specific Treg were detected in the CNS early in EAE, but effector T cells dominated at disease onset.
  • During EAE remission, effector T cells contracted rapidly, while a suppressive Treg population persisted in the CNS.
  • TGF-β is essential for Treg differentiation, whereas IL-6 inhibits Treg generation and, with TGF-β, promotes pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • A distinct interplay exists between Treg and Th17 cells in the CNS during EAE.
  • The balance of TGF-β and IL-6 signaling dictates the differentiation of Treg versus pathogenic Th17 cells.
  • These findings offer insights into Treg-mediated regulation of autoimmune tissue injury.