European approach to assertive outreach for substance users: assessment of program components

Model programs for assertive outreach for substance users (an active and persistent type of community-based health care) are still in their infancy. Most programs were formulated in the United States, and one problem is the lack of feasible and effective models for application in Europe. Therefore, in 2003 all assertive outreach programs for substance users in The Netherlands (n = 277) received a questionnaire about their main program components. The programs were found to differ in case-finding methods, label, focus, corporate strategy, care package, and team structure. The only association found was between the program strategy (referral or long-term care) and the program focus (nuisance reduction or care). Contextual and practical reasons for the differences between the programs are discussed as well as the implications for practice and future studies.