Glutathione and its transporters in ocular surface defense

Glutathione (GSH) is an abundant antioxidant ubiquitous in nearly all cell types. Deficiency of GSH has been linked to ocular disease and viral infection. Other established vital roles of GSH include detoxification and immunoprotection. Endogenous GSH plays a protagonist's role in safeguarding active transport processes compartmentalized at the interface between conjunctival mucosa and the tear film. Optimal electrokinetic transport across the conjunctival epithelium requires the mucosal presence of GSH. Glutathione is the most abundant known endogenous antioxidant molecule in tear fluid, mainly derived from conjunctival secretion. Conjunctival GSH transport, a major kinetic component of GSH turnover, occurs through multiple functionally distinct mechanisms. Cell membrane potential regulates conjunctival GSH efflux, while conjunctival GSH uptake requires extracellular Na(+). Significant modulation of GSH, its constituent amino acids, and functions of associated transporters occurs in the conjunctival epithelium with viral inflammatory disease. Topical conjunctival delivery of GSH, its metabolic precursors, or pharmacologic stimulation of endogenous conjunctival GSH secretion carry potential in alleviating viral-inflammatory conjunctivitis.