Mechanism of chalaza formation in quail eggs

The present study was conducted to determine the mechanism of chalaza formation in eggs of the Japanese quail Coturnix japonica and to determine the production site of chalaza materials in the oviduct. Electrophoretic profiles of the chalaza materials showed six bands of 480, 320, 210, 180, 96, and 58 kDa following Coomassie Blue staining and one band of 600 kDa after immunoblotting. An antiserum was produced against the 180-kDa band. This antiserum and an antiserum generated against the 600-kDa protein were used as probes to detect chalaza materials. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectron-microscopic observations revealed that chalazae and chalaziferous layers overlaid to approximately 40 microm upon the vitelline membrane of the ovum were composed of the same materials as those produced by both types of secretory cells in the luminal and glandular epithelia at the infundibulum. We propose that the mechanism of chalaza formation is as follows: (1) chalazae first appear as fine filaments at the presumptive sharp and blunt ends of the ovum at the infundibulum; (2) these filaments are twisted into a lead fiber while the ovum is rotating and descending in the magnum; (3) at the posterior end of the magnum, the lead fiber is anchored to the thick egg white and lifted outward with the chalaziferous sublayers when the inner egg white is liquefied by absorbing water; (4) the lead fiber and chalaziferous sublayers are twisted further into the chalaza in the uterus.