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Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Depression: Overview

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

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Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

[Resistant depression].

Gilles Bertschy¹

¹Département de psychiatrie, HUG, 2, chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, Chêne-Bourg. gilles.bertschy@hcuge.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse

|October 18, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Treating depression often requires adjusting medication when initial treatments fail. Strategies include switching antidepressants, adding a second medication, and incorporating psychotherapy and family support.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Pharmacology

Context:

Pharmacological treatment resistance is a significant challenge in managing depression.
Complete or partial non-response to antidepressants necessitates alternative therapeutic approaches.

Purpose:

To outline strategies for managing treatment-resistant depression.
To highlight the importance of a multimodal approach in psychiatric care.

Summary:

Effective management of treatment-resistant depression involves considering alternative pharmacological options such as switching antidepressants or augmenting with agents like lithium, antipsychotics, or other psychotropic medications.
Addressing non-pharmacological factors including patient compliance, comorbidities, psychosocial stressors, and somatic disorders is crucial.
Integrating psychotherapy and family support alongside medication management is essential for comprehensive care.

Impact:

Provides clinicians with a framework for optimizing depression treatment.
Emphasizes a holistic approach to improve patient outcomes in resistant cases.
Contributes to the understanding of complex depression management strategies.