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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Complex interactions between thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor signalling.

Allan J Williams1, Patrick J O'Shea, Graham R Williams

  • 1Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine & MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|October 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factors interact in development. Understanding their molecular mechanisms offers new therapeutic targets for cell proliferation and differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factors are crucial for normal development.
  • Complex interactions between these factors regulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the mechanisms of thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor action.
  • To identify downstream signaling responses involved in their crosstalk.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence on thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of nuclear and membrane-initiated actions of thyroid hormone.
  • Examination of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways for fibroblast growth factors.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone acts via nuclear receptors and membrane integrin receptors (alpha(V)beta(3)).
  • Fibroblast growth factors signal through receptor tyrosine kinases.
  • Common pathways like MAPK, PI3K, and STAT are activated by both, indicating convergence points in various tissues and processes including angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Convincing evidence supports widespread interaction between thyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factors.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying this interplay require further investigation.
  • Future research may yield novel pharmacological targets for modulating cell proliferation and differentiation.