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Related Concept Videos

Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Published on: February 23, 2014

Coma caused by spontaneous otogenic pneumocephalus.

Jonathan A Hyam1, Laleh Morgan, Nigel D Mendoza

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, United Kingdom. jhyam25@hotmail.com

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
|October 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Spontaneous otogenic pneumocephalus can rapidly cause coma, challenging previous understanding. This rare condition requires prompt surgical intervention for neurological recovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Spontaneous otogenic pneumocephalus is a rare condition.
  • Previously, it was understood to present with subtle neurological symptoms.

Observation:

  • A 69-year-old woman presented with rapid deterioration in conscious level.
  • This was attributed to spontaneous otogenic pneumocephalus.

Findings:

  • The patient underwent subtemporal extradural exploration and packing of mastoid air cell defects.
  • She experienced a full neurological recovery within 10 weeks.

Implications:

  • This case highlights that spontaneous otogenic pneumocephalus can manifest with acute, severe neurological decline.
  • It underscores the importance of considering this diagnosis in patients with rapid decline and aural symptoms.