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Related Concept Videos

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's criteria,...
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management01:28

Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management

Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Transfer of Manipulated Tumor-associated Neutrophils into Tumor-Bearing Mice to Study their Angiogenic Potential In Vivo
08:19

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Published on: July 20, 2019

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotes malignant pleural effusion.

Georgios T Stathopoulos1, Androniki Kollintza, Charalampos Moschos

  • 1Applied Biomedical Research and Training Center Marianthi Simou, Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, General Hospital Evangelismos, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. gstathop@med.uoa.gr

Cancer Research
|October 19, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) drives malignant pleural effusion (MPE) formation by promoting tumor spread and vascular leakage. Neutralizing TNF-alpha effectively reduced MPE progression and improved survival in preclinical models.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is found in the microenvironment of human tumors, including malignant pleural effusion (MPE).
  • The specific role of TNF-alpha in MPE pathogenesis and the efficacy of its blockade remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of TNF-alpha in the development of MPE.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic potential of TNF-alpha neutralization in a preclinical MPE model.

Main Methods:

  • Malignant pleural effusions were induced in immunocompetent mice via intrapleural injection of lung adenocarcinoma cells.
  • Experiments utilized TNF-alpha gene-deficient mice and in vivo TNF-alpha neutralization.
  • TNF-alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression were analyzed in mouse models, human cancer cell lines, and human MPE samples.

Main Results:

  • Host and tumor-derived TNF-alpha were detected in the MPE model.
  • TNF-alpha neutralization significantly inhibited tumor dissemination, effusion formation, vascular hyperpermeability, TNF-alpha and VEGF expression, and angiogenesis, leading to improved survival.
  • In contrast, no significant differences were observed between TNF-alpha gene-sufficient and deficient mice, suggesting a critical role for TNF-alpha in MPE pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Tumor-derived TNF-alpha plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MPE in mice.
  • Preclinical data strongly support the efficacy of TNF-alpha blockade as a therapeutic strategy for malignant pleural disease.