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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
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Analysis of skin-electrode impedance using concentric ring electrode.

W Besio1, A Prasad

  • 1Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Louisiana Tech. Univ., Ruston, LA, USA.

Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference
|October 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Reducing skin-to-electrode impedance (Z(S/E)) is key to minimizing artefacts in surface electromyography (sEMG) and functional electrical stimulation (FES). This study optimized concentric ring electrodes (CREs) by analyzing factors like material, size, skin prep, and pressure for stable, low impedance.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Skin-to-electrode impedance (Z(S/E)) significantly contributes to artefacts in surface electromyography (sEMG) and functional electrical stimulation (FES).
  • Electrolytic gels offer initial impedance reduction, but Z(S/E) can become unstable due to physiological changes (sweat glands) and movement.
  • Concentric ring electrodes (CREs) present unique challenges due to their small surface area, potentially amplifying Z(S/E) variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify major factors influencing skin-to-electrode impedance (Z(S/E)) reduction.
  • To mitigate artefacts in sEMG and FES by optimizing Z(S/E) with CREs.
  • To analyze the combined effects of electrode material, size, skin preparation, and surface pressure on Z(S/E).

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of control factors on concentric ring electrodes (CREs).
  • Systematic variation of electrode material, electrode size, skin preparation techniques, and surface pressure.
  • Analysis of the impact of these factors and their combinations on Z(S/E) fluctuations.

Main Results:

  • Quantification of how different electrode materials, sizes, skin preparations, and pressures affect Z(S/E).
  • Identification of specific factor combinations that lead to the most significant reduction and stabilization of Z(S/E).
  • Demonstration of the relationship between tested parameters and the mitigation of recording or stimulation artefacts.

Conclusions:

  • Specific protocols involving electrode material, size, skin preparation, and surface pressure can significantly lower and stabilize Z(S/E) for CREs.
  • Optimized Z(S/E) management is crucial for enhancing the quality of sEMG recordings and FES applications.
  • The findings provide a basis for improved design and usage guidelines for CREs in biomedical applications.