Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
Published on: November 23, 2019
Anatomical data and development of geometric models for the knee region bones
Luzia Venturini1, Gian-Maria A A Sordi, Fernanda Fernandes
1Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. lventur@ipen.br
Abstract:
Analytical geometric models for the bones of the knee region have been developed. A survey was done on real pieces to obtain the dimensions of the geometric sections used in each model. The dependence of the section dimensions on the bone length and the estimated dimensions of the bones for a 1.70 m tall person are presented. A parameter that attempts to relate the person's height to the bone length was included. Using reference data for the tissues and for bone composition, the models represent 8.7% (each knee) of a 10 kg skeleton and present the following densities: femur and tibia 1590 kg m(-3), fibula 1660 kg m(-3) and patella 1720 kg m(-3).
Related Concept Videos
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Knee Joint
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula
