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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Regulation of the Digestive System01:25

Regulation of the Digestive System

Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
The effectors in this regulation system are glands and smooth muscles. Activation of these...

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Related Experiment Videos

Dietary modulation of GALT.

Ian R Sanderson1

  • 1Research Centre for Gastroenterology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and The London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, UK. i.r.sanderson@qmul.ac.uk

The Journal of Nutrition
|October 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Dietary changes impact the gut immune system by altering intestinal cell gene expression. This influences immune cell activity, potentially affecting inflammatory diseases like Crohn's disease.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diet significantly influences the mucosal immune system, especially in inflammatory conditions like Crohn's disease and necrotizing enterocolitis.
  • Intestinal luminal environment alterations are hypothesized to regulate enterocyte gene expression involved in immune cell signaling.
  • Epithelial gene expression plays a crucial role in orchestrating leukocyte activity within the lamina propria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how changes in the intestinal luminal environment, driven by diet, regulate enterocyte gene expression.
  • To understand the molecular pathways through which diet influences immune cell signaling and recruitment.
  • To explore the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in modulating gene expression and immune responses.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Review of molecular pathways linking diet, enterocyte gene expression, and immune cell signaling.
  • Examination of how dietary components like SCFAs affect gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., histone deacetylase inhibition, acetylation).
  • Discussion of the role of myofibroblasts in enhancing enterocyte chemotactic activity and their regulation by SCFAs.

Main Results:

  • Dietary shifts alter the expression of genes in enterocytes that signal to immune cells.
  • Introduction of a normal diet up-regulates MHC class II expression in mice.
  • SCFAs increase IL-8 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 expression by inhibiting histone deacetylase activity.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary alterations can modulate leukocyte recruitment by regulating enterocyte gene expression through various molecular pathways.
  • SCFAs are key mediators, influencing gene expression via epigenetic modifications.
  • Further mechanisms regulating immune responses through diet are likely to be discovered.