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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis
09:58

Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

Published on: June 27, 2020

Structural and functional analysis of the human TAF1/DYT3 multiple transcript system.

Thilo Herzfeld1, Dagmar Nolte, Ulrich Müller

  • 1Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392 Giessen, Germany.

Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society
|October 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The TAF1/DYT3 gene system shows complex splicing, with downstream exons (d1-d5) evolving later in primates. These downstream exons exhibit TAF1-independent transcription regulated by Ikaros.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The TAF1/DYT3 gene system is complex, comprising 43 exons.
  • Thirty-eight exons encode TATA box binding protein associated factor I (TAF1).
  • Five downstream exons (d1-d5) have unknown functions and can transcribe independently or with TAF1 exons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the structural and functional evolution of the TAF1/DYT3 transcript system.
  • To investigate the transcription regulation of downstream exons.
  • To understand the evolutionary origin of downstream exons.

Main Methods:

  • RT-PCR and construction of a plasmid cDNA library.
  • Promoter assays in NT2/D1 and U87 cells.
  • Analysis of splice variant polymorphism and frequency in human fetal brain.

Main Results:

  • Highly polymorphic splice variants exist, including alternative exons (e.g., 30b, 31b).
  • TAF1-independent transcription of exons d2-d4 is driven by a TATA box-less promoter regulated by Ikaros.
  • Antisense transcription of exon d4 is controlled by a LTR promoter.
  • Downstream exons d1-d5 evolved later and first appear in primates, unlike conserved TAF1 exons.

Conclusions:

  • The TAF1/DYT3 system exhibits significant structural and functional evolution.
  • Downstream exons represent a later evolutionary addition to the TAF1 transcript system.
  • Differential regulation and evolutionary history highlight the complexity of this gene system.