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Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices
08:53

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Published on: October 3, 2016

Occupational risks during a monkeypox outbreak, Wisconsin, 2003.

Donita R Croft1, Mark J Sotir, Carl J Williams

  • 1Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. dc2@medicine.wisc.edu

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|October 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Occupational transmission of monkeypox virus during a 2003 Wisconsin outbreak was linked to direct animal care, especially with prairie dogs. Strict infection control and personal protective equipment are crucial for veterinary staff.

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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices
08:53

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Published on: October 3, 2016

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology
11:13

Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology

Published on: October 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Zoonotic Diseases

Background:

  • The 2003 outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) in Wisconsin involved prairie dogs, raising concerns about occupational transmission.
  • Understanding transmission routes is vital for preventing future zoonotic disease outbreaks in animal care settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors associated with occupational MPXV transmission during the 2003 Wisconsin outbreak.
  • To inform infection-control strategies for veterinary and animal handling professionals.

Main Methods:

  • Active contact surveillance and exposure-related interviews were conducted.
  • A cohort study of a veterinary facility experiencing MPXV cases was performed.
  • Statistical analysis identified risk factors and protective measures.

Main Results:

  • 19 confirmed, 5 probable, and 3 suspected MPXV cases were identified, primarily among veterinary staff, pet store employees, and animal distributors.
  • Symptoms included rash, headache, sweats, and fever in over 80% of patients.
  • Direct animal care, handling ill prairie dogs, proximity to sick animals, and feeding were significant risk factors for occupational transmission. Not handling ill prairie dogs was protective.

Conclusions:

  • Occupational MPXV transmission is associated with direct contact with infected animals, particularly prairie dogs.
  • Sporadic use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was noted among veterinary staff.
  • Adherence to standard veterinary infection-control guidelines is essential to prevent zoonotic disease transmission.