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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

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Continuous High-resolution Microscopic Observation of Replicative Aging in Budding Yeast
10:41

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Published on: August 20, 2013

Budding yeast with human telomeres: a puzzling structure.

Cristina Auriche1, Enea Gino Di Domenico, Fiorentina Ascenzioni

  • 1Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.

Biochimie
|October 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study compares human telomeres in budding yeast to canonical yeast and mammalian telomeres. It highlights mechanisms for chromosome end protection and lengthening, using yeast as a model for mammalian telomere research.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Telomeres, the protective caps of eukaryotic chromosomes, consist of repetitive DNA and associated proteins.
  • Telomere maintenance involves telomerase and/or alternative lengthening pathways, crucial for genome stability.
  • While telomeric DNA is conserved, telomeric proteins show variability across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the structure of human telomeres reconstituted in budding yeast.
  • To compare these reconstituted telomeres with canonical yeast and mammalian telomeres.
  • To elucidate mechanisms of chromosome end protection, lengthening, and the role of chromatin in telomere function.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstitution of human telomeres in a budding yeast model system.
  • Comparative analysis of telomere structure and function between humanized yeast, canonical yeast, and mammalian systems.
  • Investigation of telomere protection and lengthening mechanisms, including chromatin organization.

Main Results:

  • Successful reconstitution of human telomeres in budding yeast provides a novel experimental system.
  • Comparative analysis reveals conserved and divergent aspects of telomere structure and function.
  • Insights into the molecular mechanisms governing chromosome end maintenance and protection.

Conclusions:

  • Budding yeast serves as a valuable model for studying mammalian telomeres due to conserved mechanisms.
  • This reconstituted system facilitates step-by-step assembly and analysis of mammalian telomere components.
  • Potential applications include the assembly of mammalian artificial chromosomes and understanding telomere-related diseases.