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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development
Published on: June 16, 2023
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, interrupted inferior vena cava, biliary atresia
Michiaki Imamura1, Umesh Dyamenahalli, Ritu Sachdeva
1Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA. imamuramichiaki@uams.edu
Abstract:
A neonate was diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, heterotaxy syndrome, and interrupted inferior vena cava soon after birth. At 6 days old she underwent the Norwood procedure using Sano modification. Postoperatively she had persistent direct hyperbilirubinemia and was diagnosed with biliary atresia for which she underwent a Kasai procedure at 29 days old. At 10 months she underwent the Kawashima procedure. She is now 20 months old and has been thriving without any jaundice. This case report illustrates that even in the presence of major multiple congenital anomalies, staged reconstruction for hypoplastic left heart syndrome can be successfully performed.
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