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Related Concept Videos

Density00:56

Density

Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions01:29

Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions

Nonideal liquid solutions, also known as real solutions, do not strictly follow Raoult's law. Raoult's law is a rule of thumb in physical chemistry. However, not all mixtures adhere to this law due to varying molecular interactions. For example, in an acetone/chloroform solution, the individual vapor pressures of the components are lower than expected, resulting in a total vapor pressure below that predicted by Raoult's law, causing a negative deviation.On the other hand, in an ethanol/water...
Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties02:56

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures
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Measuring the Densities of Aqueous Glasses at Cryogenic Temperatures

Published on: June 28, 2017

Does supercooled liquid Si have a density maximum?

Masahito Watanabe1, Masayoshi Adachi, Tetsuya Morishita

  • 1Department of Physics, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan. masahito.watanabe@gakushuin.ac.jp

Faraday Discussions
|October 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Precise density measurements of supercooled liquid silicon (l-Si) using electromagnetic levitation (EML) and simulations reveal a density maximum, similar to water. This finding aids understanding of nucleation in supercooled materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Supercooled liquids exhibit unique properties not observed in their stable crystalline or liquid states.
  • Understanding the behavior of supercooled silicon is crucial for materials processing and fundamental physics.
  • Previous studies have hinted at anomalous properties in supercooled silicon, but experimental data remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely measure the density of supercooled liquid silicon (l-Si) over a specific temperature range.
  • To investigate the structural properties of supercooled l-Si.
  • To explore the potential existence of a density maximum in supercooled l-Si and its implications for nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Electromagnetic levitation (EML) technique with static magnetic fields for precise density measurements.
  • First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations to model supercooled l-Si behavior.
  • Experimental validation of simulation results for density and structure.

Main Results:

  • Accurate density measurements of supercooled l-Si were obtained between 1530-1800 K.
  • FPMD simulations showed excellent agreement with experimental density and structural data.
  • Evidence suggests a density maximum in supercooled l-Si, analogous to that of water.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the validity of FPMD simulations for supercooled l-Si.
  • The observed density maximum in supercooled l-Si has significant implications for understanding its phase transitions and nucleation processes.
  • This research provides a foundation for further investigations into the anomalous properties of supercooled silicon.