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Related Concept Videos

The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
12:34

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples

Published on: July 6, 2014

Gender-specific and menstrual cycle dependent differences in circulating microparticles.

Bettina Toth1, Katharina Nikolajek, Andreas Rank

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology - Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. bettina.toth@med.uni-muenchen.de

Platelets
|October 25, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Young women exhibit higher levels of circulating microparticles (MP), particularly during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, compared to men. These microparticle differences may contribute to unexplained risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women.

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Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
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Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples
12:34

Collection, Isolation, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Samples

Published on: July 6, 2014

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle
09:05

Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring Utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle

Published on: August 30, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Young women face a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) than age-matched men.
  • Known risk factors explain only a portion of this increased VTE risk.
  • Circulating microparticles (MP) are increasingly recognized for their role in coagulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential gender- and menstrual cycle-specific differences in circulating microparticles.
  • To explore the association between microparticles and the unexplained procoagulatory state in women.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to evaluate platelet-derived microparticles (PMP) and endothelial cell-derived microparticles (EMP) in healthy women across menstrual cycle phases and in healthy men.
  • Annexin V binding, P-selectin exposure, CD63 exposure, and E-selectin exposure were assessed on microparticles.
  • D-dimer levels were measured to assess coagulation activity.

Main Results:

  • Women exhibited significantly higher numbers of total MP, PMP, P-selectin-exposing PMP, and E-selectin-exposing EMP compared to men.
  • During the luteal phase, women showed markedly elevated concentrations of MP, PMP, and EMP subpopulations.
  • The ratio of P-selectin-exposing PMP to platelets was over threefold higher in women compared to men, particularly in the luteal phase.

Conclusions:

  • Circulating microparticles and their subpopulations are elevated in women compared to men.
  • Menstrual cycle phase, specifically the luteal phase, modulates the levels of circulating microparticles in women.
  • Circulating microparticles may represent an additional risk factor for the unexplained procoagulatory state observed in young women, potentially contributing to VTE risk.