Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Statistical Methods to Analyze Parametric Data: ANOVA

Statistical Methods to Analyze Parametric Data: ANOVA

Analysis of Variance, or ANOVA, is a powerful statistical technique used to analyze parametric data, primarily in research and experimental studies. It's designed to compare the means of two or more groups, assisting researchers in identifying any significant differences between these group means. There are two main types of ANOVA based on the complexity of the analysis: one-way and two-way.
One-way ANOVA is applied when a single independent variable or factor is scrutinized. It compares the...

Statistical Analysis System (SAS)

Statistical Analysis System (SAS)

SAS, short for Statistical Analysis System, is a powerful data analysis, management, and visualization tool. Developed by the SAS Institute in the early 1970s, SAS has evolved into a comprehensive software suite used across various industries for statistical analysis, business intelligence, and predictive modeling.
Applications: SAS finds applications in numerous fields, including healthcare for clinical trial analysis, finance for risk assessment, marketing for customer data analysis, and...

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, or SPSS, is a data management and analysis software suite. Developed by SPSS Inc. in 1968 and acquired by IBM in 2009, this tool was initially designed for social science data analysis, evolving to serve a wider range of disciplines. It was later renamed to Statistical Product and Service Solutions.
SPSS streamlines the process from data preparation to analysis and reporting. It is characterized by its user-friendly interface, which conceals...

Statistical Methods to Analyze Parametric Data: Student t-Test and Goodness-of-Fit Test

Statistical Methods to Analyze Parametric Data: Student t-Test and Goodness-of-Fit Test

In parametric statistics, two fundamental tests stand out for their utility and wide application: the Student's t-test and goodness-of-fit tests. These tests provide researchers with a robust method for drawing insights from data, testing hypotheses, and making informed decisions based on their findings.
The Student's t-test is a statistical test that examines if there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two groups. This test is instrumental when dealing with data...

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a critical statistical procedure facilitating informed, evidence-based decisions. It begins with a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation, or a prediction about a population parameter. This hypothesis can be either a null hypothesis (H0), indicating no effect or difference, or an alternative hypothesis (Ha), suggesting an effect or difference.
Statistical significance measures the probability that an observed result occurred by chance. If this probability, known as...

Statistical Analysis: Overview

Statistical Analysis: Overview

When we take repeated measurements on the same or replicated samples, we will observe inconsistencies in the magnitude. These inconsistencies are called errors. To categorize and characterize these results and their errors, the researcher can use statistical analysis to determine the quality of the measurements and/or suitability of the methods.
One of the most commonly used statistical quantifiers is the mean, which is the ratio between the sum of the numerical values of all results and the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Examining the effectiveness of a universal social-emotional learning program in second-grade classrooms.

School psychology (Washington, D.C.)·2025

Same author

How full is the glass? Examining the validity of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 across five ethnoracial groups.

Journal of counseling psychology·2025

Same author

Utility of the social skills improvement system-rating scales for capturing dynamic social constructs: Evidence using the measurement model of derivatives.

Child development·2024

Same author

Bridging big data in the ENIGMA consortium to combine non-equivalent cognitive measures.

Scientific reports·2024

Same author

Verbal Learning and Memory Deficits across Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Insights from an ENIGMA Mega Analysis.

Brain sciences·2024

Same author

Using a person-centered analysis to examine second-grade outcomes of a universal SEL program.

School psychology (Washington, D.C.)·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

CTTITEM: SAS macro and SPSS syntax for classical item analysis.

Pui-Wa Lei¹, Qiong Wu

¹Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA. puiwa@psu.edu

Behavior Research Methods

|October 26, 2007

Summary

This study introduces user-friendly SAS and SPSS programs for comprehensive item analysis, calculating statistics like Cronbach's alpha and various discrimination indices. These free tools aid in evaluating item quality during scale development.

More Related Videos

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

Area of Science:

Psychometrics
Statistical Software

Background:

Instrument development requires rigorous item analysis to ensure scale quality.
Existing SAS and SPSS routines for item analysis may lack completeness or user-friendliness.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe SAS macro and SPSS syntax for conventional item analysis.
To provide user-friendly and comprehensive statistical routines for item quality evaluation.

Main Methods:

Development of a SAS macro and an SPSS syntax.
Implementation of functions for calculating Cronbach's alpha, item difficulty (p-value, item mean), and item discrimination indices (D-index, point-biserial, biserial, item-total correlation).

Main Results:

The developed programs offer a complete and user-friendly alternative to existing SAS and SPSS item analysis routines.
The programs facilitate the calculation of essential statistics for both dichotomous and polytomous items.

Conclusions:

The provided SAS macro and SPSS syntax enhance the process of item analysis in instrument development.
These freely available programs encourage routine evaluation of item qualities, promoting the creation of robust scales.