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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration01:23

Mechanism of Breathing II: Expiration

The Physiology of Expiration: A Seamless Respiratory Process
Expiration, or exhaling, is a complex physiological process that begins as the inspiratory muscles begin to relax. This relaxation triggers a series of events that epitomize the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Mechanism of Expiration:
Trachea01:22

Trachea

The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a vital part of the human respiratory system. It serves as a passageway for air to travel between the larynx and the bronchi, allowing oxygen to reach the lungs. Let's explore its anatomical features, dimensions, layers of the tracheal wall, associated muscles, and the functions of its parts.
Anatomical Features:
Location: About half of the trachea is situated in the neck, anterior to the esophagus, and extends from the larynx (at the level of the...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration01:30

Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration

Introduction to Inspiration: The Respiratory System in Action
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...
Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice
09:30

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice

Published on: October 3, 2025

The expiration reflex from the trachea and bronchi.

M Tatar1, J Hanacek, J Widdicombe

  • 1Dept of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovakia.

The European Respiratory Journal
|October 26, 2007
PubMed
Summary

The expiration reflex (ER) originates in the tracheobronchial tree, not just the larynx. This reflex, distinct from cough, is consistently observed and shares properties with the laryngeal ER.

Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • The expiration reflex (ER) is a protective mechanism involving forced exhalation.
  • Its origin is typically attributed to the larynx and vocal folds.
  • A potential origin from the tracheobronchial (TB) tree has been hypothesized but not investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if the tracheobronchial tree elicits a consistent ER.
  • To compare the properties of a tracheobronchial ER (TBER) with the laryngeal ER.
  • To re-evaluate the distinction between ER and cough reflexes.

Main Methods:

  • Re-analysis of previous studies involving mechanical or chemical stimulation of the TB tree.
  • Literature review of studies on TB

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Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea
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Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

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In vitro Measurements of Tracheal Constriction Using Mice
10:20

In vitro Measurements of Tracheal Constriction Using Mice

Published on: June 25, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice
09:30

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice

Published on: October 3, 2025

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea
08:07

Investigating Stress-relaxation and Failure Responses in the Trachea

Published on: October 18, 2022

In vitro Measurements of Tracheal Constriction Using Mice
10:20

In vitro Measurements of Tracheal Constriction Using Mice

Published on: June 25, 2012

  • cough
  • to support findings.
  • Observation of TBER in cats and rabbits.

    • Main Results:

    • A TBER was consistently elicited in cats and rabbits, sometimes preceding or following a cough.
    • The TBER was enhanced by lung inflation and general anesthesia, relative to cough.
    • The TBER demonstrated properties distinct from a typical cough reflex.

    Conclusions:

    • The tracheobronchial tree is a source of the expiration reflex.
    • The TBER shares characteristics with the laryngeal ER, suggesting a common classification.
    • The findings necessitate consideration of TBER in respiratory research and clinical practice.