Circling induced by intra-accumbens amphetamine injections

Microinjections of d-amphetamine (5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 micrograms/0.5 microliters) into the nucleus accumbens caused reliable dose-dependent circling away from the side of injection. Injections of l-amphetamine were not effective, ruling out non-specific effects of pH, osmolarity and the like and also ruling out noradrenergic actions as explanations of the behavioral effects. Injections of d-amphetamine into the ventral caudate were less potent than those into the nucleus accumbens, suggesting nucleus accumbens rather than more dorsal tissue as the site of this behavioral effect. These data suggest that asymmetrical activation of the nucleus accumbens is a sufficient condition to induce circling behavior and raise questions for the commonly accepted view that asymmetrical activation of the caudate is a necessary condition for dopamine dependent circling behavior.