Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Salivary Glands for Sjogren's Syndrome: Diagnostic and Monitoring Insights
Published on: October 13, 2023
Exocrine function in primary Sjögren syndrome: natural course and prognostic factors
K Haldorsen1, K Moen, H Jacobsen
1Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansen Building, Haukelandsveien 28, N-5021 Bergen, Norway. karstein.haldorsen@med.uib.no
Objectives:
Few studies have addressed the natural course of, or prognostic factors for the salivary and lacrimal function in primary Sjögren syndrome (SS). Except for the early stages, glandular function has been seemingly stable, and SS A antigen (SSA) seropositivity and hypocomplementemia may predict a decline in the van Bijsterveld score. The aim of the present study was to assess the natural course of the exocrine function in a larger cohort based on the American-European consensus criteria for SS, and to address possible predictive factors for a declining exocrine function.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort study. A total of 141 patients were investigated with the Schirmer I test and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS). Historical data regarding these tests and focus score were collected from the files of 111 patients. Median time from diagnosis to follow-up investigation was 5.0 years.
Results:
Median UWS was unchanged during follow-up. Median Schirmer I test improved from 5.0 to 7.0 mm/5 min (p<0.05). Present Schirmer I test was associated with historical high IgG and IgA, positive SSA and SS B antigen (SSB) tests and high focus score, and present UWS with historical low C3/C4. Logistic regression identified high focus scores (odds ratio (OR) = 1.343), and low UWS (OR = 0.692) as factors predicting a 30% or more worsening of the Schirmer I test. High focus scores (OR = 1.488) predicted a 30% or more worsening of the UWS.
Conclusion:
We confirmed previous studies showing a stable or slightly improved exocrine function over time. High focus scores and low UWS were identified as independent predictors of a worsened exocrine function.
Related Concept Videos
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology
Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
T Cell Types and Functions
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
