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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
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Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice

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The effect of hypoxia in development.

William S Webster1, Dominique Abela

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. billweb@anatomy.usyd.edu.au

Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today : Reviews
|October 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic development requires controlled oxygen levels; excessive oxygen or severe hypoxia can cause birth defects like limb reduction. Understanding oxygen

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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures
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Delivery of In Vivo Acute Intermittent Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents to Prime Subventricular Zone-derived Neural Progenitor Cell Cultures

Published on: November 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Teratology

Background:

  • The first trimester human embryo requires tightly controlled oxygen supply.
  • Embryos normally exist in a state of partial hypoxia, crucial for cardiovascular development, potentially regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).
  • Deviations from normal partial hypoxia can easily lead to damaging levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of oxygen supply disruptions on early embryonic development.
  • To identify specific malformations associated with prenatal hypoxia.
  • To explore potential causes and evidence of hypoxia-induced birth defects in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hypoxia probes in mammalian embryos during the organogenic period.
  • Reviewed experimental data on embryonic resilience and susceptibility to anoxia.
  • Examined human case studies and drug teratogenicity data related to hypoxia.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian embryos exhibit resilience to short anoxic periods, but some develop limb reduction defects, preceded by hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis.
  • Susceptible embryonic structures include the genital tubercle, nose, tail, and central nervous system.
  • Prenatal hypoxia is linked to cleft lip, maxillary hypoplasia, heart defects, and transverse limb reduction defects in animal models and humans.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal hypoxia, potentially caused by uterine artery constriction (e.g., due to cocaine, misoprostol, shock) or drugs blocking potassium currents (IKr), can lead to significant birth defects.
  • Drugs like phenytoin with IKr blockade side effects may cause embryonic hypoxia and subsequent malformations.
  • Fetuses with absent hemoglobin F show strong evidence of hypoxia-induced birth defects, including limb reduction defects.