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[Current status of directional coronary atherectomy in interventional cardiology]
B Höfling1, P Gonschior, B Mack
1Med. Klinik I, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
Insights
Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) is a safe and effective intervention for coronary artery disease, offering a nonsurgical option for failed angioplasty. Histological analysis indicates restenosis is characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Interventional Cardiology
- Vascular Biology
Context:
- Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) is an interventional cardiology technique.
- Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a common treatment for coronary artery disease.
- Patient outcomes and histological characteristics of coronary lesions and restenosis require further investigation.
Purpose:
- To evaluate the safety and efficacy of DCA in various clinical scenarios.
- To analyze the histological features of coronary lesions and restenotic tissue.
- To assess the long-term outcomes of DCA, including restenosis and major complications.
Summary:
- DCA was performed in 74 patients (average age 56 years) across three groups: primary intervention (n=26), failed PTCA (n=20), and rescue procedure (n=28).
- The overall success rate was 94%, reducing stenosis from 90.6% to 17.2%. Follow-up angiography (n=31) showed six restenoses. Major complications occurred in 7% of cases.
- Histological analysis revealed cellular proliferation in lesions and restenotic tissue, with altered smooth muscle cells exhibiting increased migration and proliferation.
Impact:
- DCA demonstrates a high success rate and acceptable complication profile, extending percutaneous treatment options.
- Histological findings highlight smooth muscle cell proliferation as a key factor in restenosis development.
- DCA offers a promising nonsurgical alternative for patients with complex coronary artery lesions or failed PTCA.
Abstract:
Directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) was used in 74 patients with an average age of 56 years. They were categorized into three different groups depending on the indications for atherectomy. Group I included all patients who had atherectomy as their primary intervention (n = 26), because they were assumed to be unsuitable for PTCA. Group II consisted of patients in whom DCA was used after failed balloon dilatation with unsuccessful but uneventful treatment (n = 20). Group III (n = 28) included cases where DCA was performed as a "rescue" or "bail-out" procedure after failed PTCA resulted in critical ischemia (ECG changes, chest pain, hypotension, and shock). The target lesions were located in LM 2, LAD 52, RCA 16, ACVB 4. The mean length of lesion was 8 mm (2-25 mm). The overall success rate was 94%. The mean stenosis was reduced from 90.6 +/- 10% to 17.2 +/- 14.8% in cases with primary success. The presently available follow-up angiography (n = 31) showed six restenoses. Major complications occurred in seven cases (death: 0, myocardial infarction: 2, CABG within 24 h: 5). Histological analysis revealed highly cellular areal as a major characteristics of a coronary lesion and also of restenotic tissue. Tissue of the lamina elastica was present in 44% and of media in 14%. Thrombus was found only rarely. Ultrastructure showed a significant amount of extracellular matrix in the primary coronary lesions and isolated smooth muscle cells without gap-junctions. RER, mitochondria were typical for the synthesizing type of smooth muscle cell. In restenotic tissue a focal high density of smooth muscle cells with increased synthesizing activity and gap-junctions was present. Endothelial cells (and macrophages) were found only rarely. Furthermore, altered smooth muscle cells from restenotic tissue showed a significantly increased migration and proliferation. Our results show that DCA is a safe and effective technique that can extend the use of percutaneous procedures and provide a promising, nonsurgical option in cases of failed PTCA. Histological analysis revealed a proliferative process as a characteristics of restenosis development.