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Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living donor...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Published on: December 20, 2014

[Retrocaval ureter].

Michał T Tkocz¹, Magdalena A Duda, Maciej T Kupajski

¹Oddziału Urologii Szpitala im. prof. Emila Michalowskiego, Katowice. tkocz40@interia.pl

Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)

|October 31, 2007

Summary

This study addresses the ureter

Area of Science:

Urology
Vascular Surgery
Embryology

Background:

The ureter's retrocaval course is an evolutionary vascular system anomaly.
This condition arises from developmental errors in fetal venous development.
Clinical manifestations include lumbar pain, hematuria, pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the clinical presentation and management of patients with ureteral malposition.
To evaluate the efficacy of surgical correction for ureteral anomalies.

Main Methods:

Diagnostic imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were employed.
Surgical intervention focused on restoring the ureter's normal anatomical position.
Laparoscopic minimally invasive techniques were increasingly utilized.

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An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Published on: November 22, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Published on: December 20, 2014

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Published on: November 22, 2019

Main Results:

Three patients with ureteral malposition underwent surgical correction.
All patients experienced improvement in their clinical condition post-operation.

Conclusions:

Surgical correction is the optimal treatment for ureteral malposition.
Minimally invasive laparoscopic approaches offer effective treatment options.
Restoring normal ureter anatomy leads to significant clinical improvement.