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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

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Control of arbovirus vector Verrallina funerea (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeast Queensland, Australia.

Jason A L Jeffery¹, Brian H Kay, Peter A Ryan

¹Queensland Institute of Medical Research and University of Queensland, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Qld 4029, Australia. jason.jeffery@qimr.edu.au

Journal of Economic Entomology

|November 2, 2007

Summary

The mosquito Verrallina funerea is effectively controlled by pesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and s-methoprene, showing high efficacy in laboratory and field trials for disease vector control.

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Area of Science:

Medical Entomology
Pest Management
Vector-borne Diseases

Background:

Verrallina funerea is a significant mosquito pest in Australia, transmitting Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses.
Effective control strategies are crucial for public health in affected coastal regions.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of various pesticides against Verrallina funerea.
To provide data for integrated vector management programs targeting this species.

Main Methods:

Laboratory dose-response assays were conducted to determine lethal concentrations (LC95) and emergence inhibition (EI95).
Small plot field trials were performed to assess field efficacy of selected larvicides.
Adult survival and sex ratios were analyzed after larval exposure to sublethal doses.

Main Results:

Verrallina funerea showed susceptibility to temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti), s-methoprene, and pyriproxyfen in laboratory assays.
The mosquito was highly refractory to Bacillus sphaericus.
Field trials confirmed high control rates (>98%) with Bti and s-methoprene.

Conclusions:

Bti and s-methoprene are effective larvicides against Verrallina funerea, suitable for field application.
Sublethal doses of s-methoprene can reduce adult survival, and its field efficacy may be underestimated by emergence inhibition assays alone.