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Gastric Emptying

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...

Gastric Phase of Digestion

Gastric Phase of Digestion

The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...

Gastric Motility

Gastric Motility

Gastric motility is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that convert ingested food into chyme, a semi-liquid substance ready for further digestion in the intestines. The process begins with the vagus nerve inducing the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the fundus and body of the stomach, allowing these regions to expand and accommodate up to approximately 1.5 liters of food and liquid.
Peristaltic Waves and Chyme Formation
Upon food entry, the stomach initiates...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [13C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [¹³C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Published on: March 23, 2013

High-viscosity liquid meal accelerates gastric emptying.

Y Shimoyama¹, M Kusano, O Kawamura

¹Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Gunma, Japan.

Neurogastroenterology and Motility

|November 2, 2007

Summary

Adding pectin to enteral nutrition increases viscosity, accelerating gastric emptying in healthy individuals. This suggests pectin may influence nutrient absorption and digestion rates.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [13C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [¹³C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Published on: March 23, 2013

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids

In vitro Digestion of Emulsions in a Single Droplet via Multi Subphase Exchange of Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids

Published on: November 18, 2022

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Nutritional Science
Physiology

Background:

Elemental formulas are used for nutritional support.
Pectin increases formula viscosity, potentially reducing reflux and aspiration.
The effect of pectin-enhanced viscosity on gastric emptying is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of elemental formula viscosity, modified by pectin, on gastric emptying in healthy volunteers.

Main Methods:

A continuous (13)C breath test was used to measure gastric emptying.
Simultaneous measurements included gastro-oesophageal pressures, oesophageal pH, and blood glucose, insulin, and gastrin levels.
Three test meals were administered to eleven healthy volunteers: water, elemental formula, and pectin-modified elemental formula.

Main Results:

Pectin significantly increased the gastric emptying coefficient (P < 0.05).
Antral motility index was significantly higher with pectin compared to the un-modified formula (P < 0.05).
Plasma glucose levels were significantly elevated at 60 minutes post-ingestion with pectin (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Pectin increases the viscosity of enteral nutrition.
Pectin accelerates gastric emptying in healthy individuals.
These findings suggest pectin influences gastrointestinal motility and nutrient absorption.