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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Mouse Distraction Osteogenesis Model

A Mouse Distraction Osteogenesis Model

Published on: November 14, 2018

Effect of mandibular distraction osteogenesis on developing molars.

M Kleine-Hakala¹, J Hukki, K Hurmerinta

¹Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. kleinehakala@yahoo.com

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research

|November 2, 2007

Summary

Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) can affect developing molars, causing root malformations and hindered tooth development in some pediatric patients. Careful consideration of device type and timing is advised to mitigate these dental injuries.

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Area of Science:

Craniofacial surgery
Pediatric dentistry
Orthodontics

Background:

Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a surgical procedure to correct severe retrognathia.
DO is frequently used in children with craniofacial syndromes.
The impact of DO on developing dentition requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effects of mandibular DO on the development of permanent mandibular molars.
To identify the types and prevalence of dental anomalies resulting from DO.

Main Methods:

A descriptive clinical study was conducted on 17 children with craniofacial syndromes.
Patients underwent mandibular DO using an extraoral device.
Panoramic tomograms were analyzed retrospectively after a mean follow-up of 3.6 years.

Main Results:

DO affected developing mandibular molars in 13 of 17 patients (76%).
Observed dental injuries included root malformations, hindered development, follicle destruction, and positional changes.
Tooth follicle injury during osteotomy or pin placement, and germ migration were primary causes.

Conclusions:

Dental injuries are a recognized complication of mandibular DO in children.
While DO offers significant benefits, the potential for dental harm necessitates careful device selection and procedural timing.
Further research may refine DO techniques to minimize dental sequelae.