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Notch Signaling Pathway

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Hair Cells

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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Unrenewable Cells

Unrenewable Cells

In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Published on: March 18, 2013

Netrin-G2 and netrin-G2 ligand are both required for normal auditory responsiveness.

W Zhang¹, I Rajan, K V Savelieva

¹Neuroscience Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., The Woodlands, TX, USA.

Genes, Brain, and Behavior

|November 2, 2007

Summary

Genetic inhibition of netrin-G2 in mice prevents acoustic startle response without affecting auditory brainstem responses. This suggests netrin-G2 is crucial for auditory synaptic function.

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

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Published on: March 18, 2013

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

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Published on: June 8, 2017

Isolation and Culture of Primary Cochlear Hair Cells from Neonatal Mice

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Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory System Research
Molecular Biology

Background:

Netrin-G2 is a protein implicated in neural development.
The precise role of netrin-G2 in auditory processing remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the function of netrin-G2 in auditory startle response.
To explore the interaction between netrin-G2 and its ligand in vivo.

Main Methods:

Genetic inhibition of netrin-G2 in mice.
Behavioral testing battery, including acoustic startle response.
Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements.
Biochemical assays to determine protein affinity.

Main Results:

Mice with inhibited netrin-G2 showed no acoustic startle response.
Auditory brainstem responses were present, indicating intact inner ear and auditory nerve function.
Genetic inhibition of the netrin-G2 ligand yielded a similar phenotype.
A strong binding affinity (2.5 nM) was observed between netrin-G2 and its ligand.

Conclusions:

Netrin-G2 and its ligand interact in a receptor-ligand relationship.
This interaction is essential for auditory synaptic responsiveness in the brain.
Netrin-G2 plays a critical role specifically in the auditory startle pathway.