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Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...
Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:25

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
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Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Stability of Conjugated Dienes

Introduction
A comparison of the enthalpies of hydrogenation of dienes reveals that conjugated dienes release less heat on hydrogenation, rendering them more stable than their nonconjugated analogs.

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

Ingenane diterpenoids from Euphorbia esula.

Zhi-Qiang Lu1, Min Yang, Jin-Qiang Zhang

  • 1Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guo Shoujing Road 199, Zhangjiang, Shanghai 201203, PR China.

Phytochemistry
|November 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified 16 new ingenane diterpenoids from Euphorbia esula. These compounds, along with known derivatives, were tested for their potential to inhibit human cervical cancer cells.

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Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale
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Published on: August 16, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

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Published on: October 4, 2019

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale
08:56

Transient Expression in Nicotiana Benthamiana Leaves for Triterpene Production at a Preparative Scale

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Euphorbia esula, a plant species, is known to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites.
  • Diterpenoids and triterpenoids are classes of natural compounds with diverse biological activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize metabolites from Euphorbia esula.
  • To evaluate the inhibitory activity of these isolated compounds against the human HeLa cervical cancer cell line.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive phytochemical investigation of Euphorbia esula.
  • Structure elucidation using spectroscopic studies (e.g., NMR, MS) and comparison with known compounds.
  • In vitro assay for cytotoxic activity against HeLa cervical cancer cells.

Main Results:

  • Isolation of 16 novel ingenane diterpenoids (1-16).
  • Identification of one known ingenane derivative (17) and four known cycloartane triterpenoids.
  • Assessment of the inhibitory effects of all isolated compounds on HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified new ingenane diterpenoids from Euphorbia esula.
  • The isolated compounds represent potential leads for the development of novel anticancer agents targeting cervical cancer.