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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
13:09

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Validating psychiatric endophenotypes: inhibitory control and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Jennifer Crosbie1, Daniel Pérusse, Cathy L Barr

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Torento, Canada M5G 1X8.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|November 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying reliable genetic markers for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is challenging. This study proposes using carefully selected endophenotypes, or biological markers, to improve the accuracy of genetic research in ADHD.

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a heritable childhood condition with identified risk alleles.
  • Small effect sizes and limited replication of polymorphisms highlight challenges in ADHD genetic research.
  • The genotype-phenotype gap in ADHD necessitates novel approaches for gene discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the theoretical basis of endophenotypes in complex genetic disorders.
  • To propose a priori criteria for selecting and validating ADHD endophenotypes.
  • To enhance the power of genetic research for identifying ADHD susceptibility genes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical rationale for endophenotypes.
  • Proposal of a priori criteria for endophenotype selection and validation.
  • Literature review of motor response inhibition as a case study for validation.

Main Results:

  • Endophenotypes, as non-clinical markers of genetic risk, can facilitate gene discovery in ADHD.
  • Careful selection of endophenotypes increases the power of genetic research.
  • Inappropriate endophenotype selection may lead to false positive or negative results.

Conclusions:

  • Endophenotypes offer a promising strategy to bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype in ADHD.
  • Establishing rigorous validation criteria is crucial for the successful application of endophenotypes in ADHD research.
  • Motor response inhibition serves as a model for validating candidate endophenotypes in ADHD research.