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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Selectins01:25

Selectins

Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Heterogeneity of EAE mediated by multiple distinct T-effector subsets.

Sara Abromson-Leeman1, Daniel S Ladell, Roderick T Bronson

  • 1Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA. sara_abromson-leeman@hms.harvard.edu

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|November 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

In mice lacking interferon-gamma (IFNγ), two novel effector T cell subsets contribute to autoimmune disease. These subsets reveal distinct inflammatory pathways beyond the typical T helper 1 (T(H)1) and T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells.

More Related Videos

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge
08:38

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Published on: April 9, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
08:47

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues

Published on: May 8, 2016

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge
08:38

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Published on: April 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • T cell differentiation

Background:

  • T helper 1 (T(H)1) and T helper 17 (T(H)17) lymphocytes are key players in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
  • In interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-deficient models, T(H)17 cells are presumed to be the primary drivers of inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effector T cell subsets responsible for EAE induction in IFNγ knockout (KO) mice.
  • To dissect the distinct inflammatory pathways utilized by these subsets.

Main Methods:

  • Generation and analysis of homogeneous T cell lines from IFNγ KO mice.
  • In vivo studies to assess the disease-inducing capacity of identified T cell subsets.

Main Results:

  • Identified two novel effector T cell subsets in IFNγ KO mice.
  • One subset up-regulates T(H)17-associated genes but lacks IL-17 production.
  • A second subset employs IL-12 pathway elements independently of IFNγ.

Conclusions:

  • IFNγ-independent pathways contribute significantly to autoimmune inflammation.
  • These distinct effector subsets induce different forms of EAE.
  • Multiple pro-inflammatory pathways are crucial in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.