On teaching today's residents psychoanalytic concepts

This article presents a method for teaching a psychoanalytic perspective to residents that is built on the biomedical model and progresses in steps of increasing complexity. These steps include (1) elaborating the history, (2) observing affect, (3) developing empathy, (4) recognizing unconscious processes, (5) using the therapist's fantasies, and (6) understanding theory. Each stage is associated with tasks for the resident and supervisor and can be related to levels of residency training.