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Related Concept Videos

Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

Disparity channels in early vision.

Anna W Roe1, Andrew J Parker, Richard T Born

  • 1Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA. anna.roe@vanderbilt.edu

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|November 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Recent advances reveal the neural basis of stereopsis, including new brain areas for binocular disparity and the impact of experience on depth perception. This research highlights stereo vision

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Stereopsis, the perception of depth from binocular vision, relies on processing binocular disparities.
  • Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying stereopsis is crucial for explaining 3D visual experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the neural basis of stereopsis.
  • To highlight the discovery of new cortical areas and representations of disparity information.
  • To discuss the role of experience and plasticity in visual processing.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroscientific studies on stereopsis.
  • Analysis of findings related to neural representations of binocular disparity.
  • Examination of research on experience-dependent plasticity in visual pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identification of novel cortical areas involved in stereopsis.
  • Discovery of relative disparity signals and topographic maps.
  • Establishment of causal links between neural activity and depth perception.
  • Demonstration of experience-dependent modulation of visual pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Stereo vision research has significantly advanced our understanding of neural perception.
  • Neural flexibility through training is key for visual learning and recovery.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the routing and processing of disparity signals in extrastriate areas.