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Computed Tomography

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Near Infrared Optical Projection Tomography for Assessments of β-cell Mass Distribution in Diabetes Research

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Digitally balanced detection for optical tomography.

Rehan Hafiz¹, Krikor B Ozanyan

¹Sensors, Imaging and Signal Processing Group, School of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, The University of Manchester, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M601QD, United Kingdom.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|November 6, 2007

Summary

This study introduces digital balanced detection (DBD) for improved weak signal sensing in noisy environments. DBD offers a compact, affordable, and flexible alternative to analog methods, demonstrating high performance in gas detection systems.

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Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Digital Signal Processing
Instrumentation

Background:

Analog balanced photodetection is crucial for detecting weak absorption signals obscured by laser intensity noise.
Existing analog methods can be bulky and expensive, limiting their application in complex systems.
Multichannel digital tomography systems require robust and efficient detection techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and analyze digital balanced detection (DBD) schemes as a compact, affordable, and flexible alternative to analog balanced detection.
To develop and implement DBD algorithms suitable for weak signals with varying backgrounds or high-frequency carriers.
To evaluate the performance of DBD schemes in comparison to their analog counterparts.

Main Methods:

Analytical introduction of DBD schemes for weak signal detection.
Algorithmic and hardware flow elaboration of DBD.
Implementation of DBD algorithms on low-cost Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).
Experimental validation using propane gas detection.

Main Results:

DBD schemes were successfully implemented on FPGAs, using less than half of the available resources.
Observed a common mode rejection ratio of 50 dB over a 300 kHz bandwidth.
Demonstrated a close relationship between DBD outputs and analog balancing circuits experimentally.
Achieved performance comparable to analog balanced detection.

Conclusions:

Digital balanced detection (DBD) provides a viable, high-performance alternative to analog methods for weak signal sensing.
The proposed DBD schemes are compact, affordable, and flexible, suitable for integration into digital tomography systems.
FPGA implementation of DBD offers efficient and effective signal processing for various applications, including gas detection.